The main factor that regulates the distribution of body water between the extracellular (EC) and intracellular (IC) districts is the osmotic pressure of the liquids themselves. Osmolarity : the volume of extracellular fluid is generally estimated at 0.255 l / kg of body weight. To correctly calculate the quantity of substances to be reintegrated, it is necessary to remember some concepts related to osmolarity. If persisted, muscle cramps, mental apathy and convulsions may occur. In general, the lack of fluids and salts, especially in humid heat conditions, is signaled by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness and general fatigue, as well as a significant impairment in performance.
PERFORMANE PHYSICUS DEL MAR PROFESSIONAL
Many professional athletes, accustomed to great exertion with conspicuous sweat profusions, develop the ability to produce electrolyte-poor sweat. This occurs mainly in untrained subjects and in particular climatic conditions. Sometimes, despite the intake of drinks rich in salts, the athlete is unable to increase the absorption of Na because the thirst "signal" stimulates the absorption of liquids but is unable to determine the correct balance of electrolytes. Respect for the choice of hypo / isotonic solutions is necessary to avoid that a significant amount of pure water leads to the dilution of extracellular fluids causing, thanks to the action of the pituitary, the incretion of adiuretine with consequent elimination of excess fluids unpleasant consequences for an athlete. Some absurd sporting regulations prohibit the supply of water during the race, essential instead to avoid creating problems due to excessive loss of water, especially on hot and humid days, that recommendations are issued to take an additional amount of liquids before the exercise, not only during and after, favoring hypotonic or isotonic solutions. This lack of fluids must be adequately and promptly rebalanced, otherwise it creates the conditions for a rapid deterioration in the athlete's performance. If physical activity exceeds 2 hours, dehydration can reach up to 5% of body weight. The quantity of water to be replenished varies according to the individual characteristics, the intensity and quantity of muscular work and, above all, in relation to the climatic conditions.īroadly speaking, the water requirement of a person who performs physical activity is about 1 ml for each calorie of energy expenditure. These losses must be adequately compensated for by an increase in intake. In an athlete, the quantities vary considerably due to an increase in outflow, mainly in the form of sweat. In a sedentary person, the daily exchange of water is about 2.5 litres (intake and output), but the liquids that actually circulate in the entire digestive system amount to about 9 litres.
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